Exploring technical and non-technical competencies of navigators for autonomous shipping

The emergence of autonomous ship technologies has attracted a growing body academic studies, regulatory discussions and exploration endeavours in recent years. With the introduction new technology comes need for seafarers to be trained its use. purpose this paper is 1) examine suitability International Convention on Standards Training, Certification Watchkeeping Seafarers (STCW) Table A-II/1 competence framework navigators under Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship (MASS) operations, 2) propose future technical non-technical competencies that will needed shipping era. A mixed method approach was adopted with collection both quantitative qualitative data through survey instrument developed basis literature current STCW A-II/1, which 66 Knowledge, Understanding & Proficiency (KUP) requirements were converted into measurement items. Statistical analysis aided identifying list key MASS operations. results can used as an input revision facilitate preparation implementation novel training frameworks shipping.